代写代考 COMP90087 – Semester 1, 2022 – © University of Melbourne 2022 2 – cscodehelp代写
Photo: https://www.createdigital.org.au/human-like-robot-aged-care-homes/
Week 10/S1/2022
AI in Care
Copyright By cscodehelp代写 加微信 cscodehelp
School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne
jwaycott [at] unimelb.edu.au
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the role of AI in supporting different kinds of care, including in sensitive and complex care settings (e.g., aged care).
2. Apply care ethics frameworks (e.g., Tronto) to define and analyse care and caregiving.
3. Critique the design and use of AI for care, and discuss the possible unintended consequences of using AI in care settings.
4. Apply concepts from care ethics and value-sensitive design to discuss the future appropriate design of AI for care.
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Related Reading
This module has two readings about ethical issues in the design and use of robots in aged care (our main case study for exploring ethical challenges for AI in care):
, A. (2013). Designing Robots for Care: Care Centered Value-Sensitive Design. Social Engineering Ethics, 19, 407-433.
• Draws on care ethics and value sensitive design to consider how robots can be ethically designed for use in care settings and to propose a method for evaluating ethical issues arising from the use of robots in aged care.
Vandemeulebroucke, T., et al (2018). The Use of Care Robots in Aged Care: A Systematic Review of Argument-Based Ethics Literature, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 74, 15-25.
• Summarises arguments about ethical issues associated with the use of robots in aged care through a systematic literature review study.
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Introduction – my background and current research
What is care?
Who cares?
Designing AI for care: care ethics and value sensitive design
Joan Tronto’s four phases of care
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Can AI care?
Introduction
– COMP90087 – Semester 1, 2022 – © University of Melbourne 2022
About me…
Then: Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) @ UniMelb
Now: Associate Professor, Computing & Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/52243-jenny-waycott
https://cis.unimelb.edu.au/hci
2000 – 2011:
Educational technology (mobile technologies and social technologies in higher education)
Now: Emerging Technologies for Enrichment in Later Life
Photo: https://www.createdigital.org.au/human-like-robot-aged-care-homes/
Imagine you work for a robotics company whose motto is: “robots for social good”
The company is designing a companion robot to support people like Donald -> older adults who are socially isolated
DISCUSSION
• What functions should the robot perform?
• What functions should the robot NOT perform?
• Is there anything that might go wrong?
• Arethereanyissuesthe company should be concerned about?
What is care?
Image: Fang cuddling Mr Potato Head
Care: Some examples
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Care: Some examples
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Care: Some examples
Photo by on Unsplash
– COMP90087 – Semester 1, 2022 – © University of Melbourne 2022
Care: Some examples
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Care: Tronto’s definition
“Care is a common word deeply embedded in our every day language. On the most general level care connotes some kind of engagement; this point is most easily demonstrated by considering the negative claim: ‘I don’t care’”
Care carries two important aspects:
“First, care implies a reaching out to something other than the self: it is neither self-referring nor self-absorbing.
Second, care implicitly suggests that it will lead to some type of action.”
Joan Tronto (1993). Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, Routledge (p. 102)
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Care: Tronto’s definition
“On the most general level, we suggest that caring be viewed as a species activity that includes everything that we do to maintain, continue, and repair our ‘world’ so that we can live in it as well as possible. That world includes our bodies, our selves, and our environment, all of which we seek to interweave in a complex, life-sustaining web.”
Joan Tronto (1993). Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, Routledge (p. 103)
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Caring about: noticing the need for care. Requires attentiveness.
Taking care of: “assuming some responsibility for the identified need and
determining how to respond to it.”
Care giving: requires competence. The need for care has only been met if good care has been provided.
Care receiving: “we need to know what has happened, how the cared-for people or things responded to this care.”
Elements of an Ethic of Care (Tronto)
Attentiveness: “If we are not attentive to the needs of others, then we cannot possibly address those needs.” OR: Ignoring other is “a form of moral evil”
Responsibility: “Ultimately, responsibility to care might rest on a number of factors; something we did or did not do has contributed to the needs for care, and so we must care.”
Joan Tronto (1993). Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, Routledge (pp. 127-132)
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Elements of an Ethic of Care (Tronto)
Competence: “Intending to provide care, even accepting responsibility for it, but then failing to provide good care, means that in the end the need for care is not met. Sometimes care will be inadequate because the resources available to provide for care are inadequate. But short of such resource problems, how could it not be necessary that the caring work be competently performed in order to demonstrate that one cares?” (p. 133)
Responsiveness: “the responsiveness of the care-receiver to the care… By its nature, care is concerned with conditions of vulnerability and inequality… The moral precept of responsiveness requires that we remain alert to the possibilities for abuse that arise with vulnerability.” (pp. 134-135)
Elements of an Ethic of Care (Tronto)
“Care as a practice involves more than simply good intensions. It requires a deep and thoughtful knowledge of the situation, and of all of the actors’ situations, needs and competencies. To use the care ethic requires a knowledge of the context of the care process. Those who engage in a care process must make judgements: judgements about needs, conflicting needs, strategies for achieving ends, the responsiveness of care-receivers, and so forth.
[Care requires] an assessment of needs in a social and political, as well as a personal, context.” (p. 137)
Joan Tronto (1993). Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, Routledge (pp. 127-132)
You still work for a robotics company whose motto is: “robots for social good”!
The company has developed a robot and is ready to trial it with isolated older adults (in partnership with care providers).
What do you need to consider when preparing the trial?
Who will use the robot?
What are their care needs?
THE VIRTUAL ASSISTANT: ELLIQ
https://elliq.com/
https://elliq.com/pages/features
INTERVIEW STUDY
• 16 older adults living independently (aged 65 to 89)
• Interviews conducted in participants’ homes (pre-Covid – Jan 2019)
• Interviews focused on:
• Companionshippreferencesandsocialcircumstances
• Responses to videos of three different kinds of virtual assistant/robots: an assistant, a toy, and a pet
ELLIQ: COMPANY OR INTRUSION?
Beth (who longed for human conversation) thought ElliQ and her chatter would be comforting in a quiet and lonely household:
“It breaks the silence of the day”
Sarah (who liked human company) found the idea of ElliQ’s conversation appealing:
“like having a person in the house”
Stephanie (who shunned human company): ElliQ would be like having another person in the house – “No thanks!”
“I don’t know whether that would drive me mental if it kept interrupting me and telling me what to do… I might want to get an axe and cut it up.” (Brianna)
Who cares? Can AI care?
Who cares?
“Care seems to be the province of women… The largest tasks of caring, those of tending to children, and caring for the infirm and elderly, have been almost exclusively relegated to women” (Tronto, p. 112)
“Care is fundamental to the human condition and necessary both to survival and flourishing… In people’s everyday lives care is an essential part of how they relate to others” (Barnes, 2016, p. 1) -> everyone engages in care-giving and care-receiving.
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Who cares?
medical professionals,
care professionals (social work, childcare, aged care, etc.), parents, children, family
government / organisations (caring about and taking care of)
Machines / AI ?
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Discussion
What are some other examples of machines/AI supporting or providing care?
What are the benefits of using AI in care? What are the challenges?
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AI in parenting
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/may/01/honey-lets-track-the-kids-phone-apps-now-allow-parents-to- track-their-children
Can AI support care?
Parents using tech to monitor children’s location:
✓ Safety – can locate the child if there is something wrong: “When I think about it, it makes me feel safe, because I know that Mum or Dad knows where I am” (Lola, aged 17)
✓ Peace of mind – children “don’t answer their phone to their parents or text them back… I tend to catastrophise” (Alicia, parent)
❖Invasion of privacy? “At that point in my life, I wasn’t necessarily that happy about Mum knowing where I was all the time. I was sneaking out to smoke, so I didn’t want Mum to see that I was leaving school” (Ben)
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Can AI support care?
Parents using tech to monitor children’s location:
❖Digital footprint:
“The idea that children are getting a detailed digital footprint not of their own making that tracks everywhere they go, and that’s being used to sell advertising to them now or later, is reprehensible”
(Prof Sonia Livingstone)
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/may/01/honey-lets-track-the-kids-phone-apps-now-allow-parents-to- track-their-children
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Can AI support care?
– COMP90087 – Semester 1, 2022 – © University of Melbourne 2022 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/ai-artificial- 39 intelligence-canada-homelessness-coronavirus-covid-19
– COMP90087 – Semester 1, 2022 – © University of Melbourne 2022 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/ai-artificial- 40 intelligence-canada-homelessness-coronavirus-covid-19
Are there any other risks involved in using AI to predict homelessness? 41
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/10/ai-artificial-intelligence-canada-homelessness-coronavirus-covid-19
Tackling rough sleeping: An example
https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jun/12/anti-homeless-spikes- latest-defensive-urban-architecture
Can AI support social welfare?
Social welfare = societal and government responsibility to care for vulnerable citizens Can AI be used to determine who needs financial support?
Can AI be used to determine who has received financial support in error?
Robodebt scandal: the automated process of matching the Australian Taxation Office’s income data with social welfare recipients’ reports of income to Centrelink. Many people received debt notices in error.
-> scheme criticised for inaccurate assessment, illegality, shifting the onus of proof of debt onto welfare recipients, poor support and communication, and coercive debt collection.
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(Braithwaite, 2020)
Can AI support self-care?
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